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Appendix C: Verb Paradigm

The usual model verb is caraf, caru (GMW 114ff). The paradigm shows you the endings, but does not cover the possibility of vowel changes in the base. The major danger points (asterisked) are the third person singulars of the present and the preterite. For these, Appendix E and Chapter 18 should be read.

Present (Future)
carafcerycar*carwncerwchcarant

Imperfect
carwncarutcareicaremcarewchcerynt

Preterite
cereiscereistcarawdd*carassamcarassawchcarassant

Pluperfect
carasswncarassutcarasseicarassemcarassewchcarassynt

Present Subjunctive
carwyfcerychcarocaromcarochcaront

Imperfect Subjunctive (see note below)
carwncarutcareicaremcarewchcerynt

Imperative
---carcaretcarwncerwchcarent

Impersonals
Presentcerir
Imperfectcerit
Preteritecarwyt
Pluperfectcarer
Present Subjunctivecarer
Imperfect Subjunctivecerit
Imperativecarer

Note: The imperfect subjunctive is exactly the same as the imperfect indicative. But remember that all the subjunctive endings, present and imperfect, had an original -h, which in many verbs changes the preceding consonant (causes "provection").

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All text copyright © 1996 by Gareth Morgan. Online layout copyright © 2001 by Daniel Morgan.