Appendix C: Verb Paradigm

The usual model verb is caraf, caru (GMW 114ff). The paradigm shows you the endings, but does not cover the possibility of vowel changes in the base. The major danger points (asterisked) are the third person singulars of the present and the preterite. For these, Appendix E and Chapter 18 should be read.

Present (Future)
	caraf	cery	car*	carwn	cerwch	carant
Imperfect
	carwn	carut	carei	carem	carewch	cerynt
Preterite
	cereis	cereist	carawdd*	carassam	carassawch	carassant
Pluperfect
	carasswn	carassut	carassei	carassem	carassewch	carassynt
Present Subjunctive
	carwyf	cerych	caro	carom	caroch	caront
Imperfect Subjunctive (see note below)
	carwn	carut	carei	carem	carewch	cerynt
Imperative
	---	car	caret	carwn	cerwch	carent
Impersonals
	Present		cerir
	Imperfect		cerit
	Preterite		carwyt
	Pluperfect		carer
	Present Subjunctive		carer
	Imperfect Subjunctive		cerit
	Imperative		carer

Note: The imperfect subjunctive is exactly the same as the imperfect indicative. But remember that all the subjunctive endings, present and imperfect, had an original -h, which in many verbs changes the preceding consonant (causes "provection").