%% Created for Guillaume Maze at 2007-12-04 11:04:24 -0500 


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@string{ag = {Adv.\ Geophys}}

@string{ang = {Ann.\ Glaciol.}}

@string{ao = {Atmos.\ Ocean}}

@string{arfm = {Annu.\ Rev.\ Fluid\ Mech.}}

@string{dirlocalurl = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/www/pdf/}}

@string{eos = {Eos Trans.\ AGU}}

@string{epsl = {Earth Planet.\ Sci.\ Lett.}}

@string{gafd = {Geophys.\ Astrophys.\ Fluid\ Dyn.}}

@string{gca = {Geochim.\ Cosmochim.\ Acta}}

@string{gjras = {Geophys.\ J.\ R.\ Astron.\ Soc.}}

@string{grl = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.}}

@string{gsab = {Geol.\ Soc.\ Am.\ Bull.}}

@string{jaot = {J.\ Atmos.\ Ocean.\ Tech.}}

@string{jmr = {J.\ Mar.\ Res.}}

@string{jms = {J.\ Mar.\ Sys.}}

@string{jot = {J.\ Turbulence }}

@string{jpo = {J.\ Phys.\ Oceanogr.}}

@string{mnras = {Mon.\ Not.\ R.\ Astron.\ Soc.}}

@string{mwr = {Mon.\ Weather Rev.}}

@string{nat = {Nature}}

@string{npg = {Nonlin.\ Proc.\ Geophys. }}

@string{oceano = {Oceano.}}

@string{om = {Ocean Modeling}}

@string{pal = {Palaeogeogr.\ Palaeoclimatol.\ Palaeoecol.}}

@string{paleo = {Paleo.}}

@string{pasp = {Publ.\ A.\ S.\ P.}}

@string{pepi = {Phys.\ Earth Planet.\ Inter.}}

@string{phf = {Phys.\ Fluids}}

@string{po = {Prog. in Oceano.}}

@string{pr = {Phys.\ Rep.}}

@string{pra = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}}

@string{prl = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}}

@string{qjrms = {Q.\ J.\ R.\ Meteorol.\ Soc.}}

@string{rg = {Rev.\ Geophys.}}

@string{rgd = {Reg.\ Chaot.\ Dyn.}}

@string{rmp = {Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.}}

@string{rpp = {Rev.\ Prog.\ Phys.}}

@string{rs = {Radio Sci.}}

@string{sci = {Science}}

@string{tell = {Tellus}}


@misc{climode-proposal,
	Author = {College},
	Date-Added = {2007-06-25 18:42:24 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-06-25 18:46:25 -0400},
	Howpublished = {NSF-Proposal},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/CLIMODE_proposal.pdf},
	Title = {CLIMODE: the CLIVAR mode water dynamics experiment},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{donners-2005,
	Abstract = {The transformation of water masses induced by air\&{\#}8211;sea fluxes in the South Atlantic Ocean is calculated with a global ocean model, Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modeling (OCCAM), and has been compared with several observational datasets. Air\&{\#}8211;sea interaction supplies buoyancy to the ocean at almost all density levels. The uncertainty of the estimates of water mass transformations is at least 10 Sv (Sv \&{\#}8801; 106 m3 s\&{\#}8722;1), largely caused by the uncertainties in heat fluxes. Further analysis of the buoyancy budget of the mixed layer in the OCCAM model shows that diffusion extracts buoyancy from the water column at all densities. In agreement with observations, water mass formation of surface water by air\&{\#}8211;sea interaction is completely balanced by consumption from diffusion. There is a large interocean exchange with the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Intermediate water is imported from the Pacific, and light surface water is imported from the Indian Ocean. South Atlantic Central Water and denser water masses are exported to the Indian Ocean. The air\&{\#}8211;sea formation rate is only a qualitative estimate of the sum of subduction and interocean exchange. Subduction generates teleconnections between the South Atlantic and remote areas where these water masses reemerge in the mixed layer. Therefore, the subduction is analyzed with a Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Surface water obducts in the South Atlantic, while all other water masses experience net subduction. The subducted Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water reemerge mainly in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current farther downstream. Lighter waters reemerge in the eastern tropical Atlantic. As a result, the extratropical South Atlantic has a strong link with the tropical Atlantic basin and only a weak direct link with the extratropical North Atlantic. The impact of the South Atlantic on the upper branch of the thermohaline circulation is indirect: water is significantly transformed by air\&{\#}8211;sea fluxes and mixing in the South Atlantic, but most of it reemerges and subducts again farther downstream. },
	Author = {Donners, J. and Drijfhout, S. S. and Hazeleger, W.},
	Date-Added = {2007-11-07 17:58:14 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-07 17:58:25 -0500},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Donners_et_al.JPO2005.pdf},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1841--1860 },
	Title = {Water Mass Transformation and Subduction in the South Atlantic},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2FJPO2782.1},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{ebbesmeyer-1986,
	Author = {Ebbesmeyer, C.C. and Lindstrom, E.J.},
	Date-Added = {2007-06-20 17:34:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-06-20 17:35:21 -0400},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Ebbesmeyer_Lindstrom.JPO1986.pdf},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {443--453},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {Structure and Origin of 18$\,^{\circ}$ C Water Observed during the POLYMODE Local Dynamics Experiment},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{garret-1995,
	Author = {Chris Garrett and Kevin G. Speer and Elina Tragou},
	Date-Added = {2007-09-10 14:49:33 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-09-10 14:51:53 -0400},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Garrett_et_al.JPO1995.pdf},
	Pages = {1696-1705},
	Title = {The relationship between water mass formation and the surface buoyancy flux with application to Phillip's Read Sea model},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{joyce-2000,
	Author = {Terrence M. Joyce and Clara Deser and Michael A. Spall},
	Date-Added = {2006-08-02 15:38:28 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2006-08-02 15:41:42 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2550:TRBDVO>2.0.CO;2},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Keywords = {NAO, EDW, mode water},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Joyce_et_al.JC2000.pdf},
	Number = {14},
	Pages = {2550-2569},
	Title = {The Relation between Decadal Variability of Subtropical Mode Water and the North Atlantic Oscillation},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{khatiwala-2002,
	Abstract = {Time series of hydrographic and transient tracer (3H and 3He) observations from the central Labrador Sea collected between 1991 and 1996 are presented to document the complex changes in the tracer fields as a result of variations in convective activity during the 1990s. Between 1991 and 1993, as atmospheric forcing intensified, convection penetrated to progressively increasing depths, reaching \&{\#}8764;2300 m in the winter of 1993. Over that period the potential temperature (\&{\#}952;)/salinity (S) properties of Labrador Sea Water stayed nearly constant as surface cooling and downward mixing of freshwater was balanced by excavating and upward mixing of the warmer and saltier Northeast Atlantic Deep Water. It is shown that the net change in heat content of the water column (150\&{\#}8211;2500 m) between 1991 and 1993 was negligible compared to the estimated mean heat loss over that period (110 W m\&{\#}8722;2), implying that the lateral convergence of heat into the central Labrador Sea nearly balances the atmospheric cooling on a surprisingly short timescale. Interestingly, the 3H\&{\#}8211;3He age of Labrador Sea Water increased during this period of intensifying convection. Starting in 1995, winters were milder and convection was restricted to the upper 800 m. Between 1994 and 1996, the evolution of 3H\&{\#}8211;3He age is similar to that of a stagnant water body. In contrast, the increase in \&{\#}952; and S over that period implies exchange of tracers with the boundaries via both an eddy-induced overturning circulation and along-isopycnal stirring by eddies {$[$}with an exchange coefficient of O(500 m2 s\&{\#}8722;1){$]$}. The authors construct a freshwater budget for the Labrador Sea and quantitatively demonstrate that sea ice meltwater is the dominant cause of the large annual cycle of salinity in the Labrador Sea, both on the shelf and the interior. It is shown that the transport of freshwater by eddies into the central Labrador Sea (\&{\#}8764;140 cm between March and September) can readily account for the observed seasonal freshening. Finally, the authors discuss the role of the eddy-induced overturning circulation with regard to transport and dispersal of the newly ventilated Labrador Sea Water to the boundary current system and compare its strength (2\&{\#}8211;3 Sv) to the diagnosed buoyancy-forced formation rate of Labrador Sea Water. },
	Author = {Khatiwala, Samar and Schlosser, Peter and Visbeck, Martin},
	Date-Added = {2007-11-20 19:20:43 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-20 19:20:43 -0500},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Khatiwala_et_al.JPO2002.pdf},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {666--686 },
	Title = {Rates and Mechanisms of Water Mass Transformation in the Labrador Sea as Inferred from Tracer Observations*},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0485%282002%29032%3C0666%3ARAMOWM%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{kwon-2004,
	Author = {Kwon, Y.O. and Riser, S.C.},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-17 10:09:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-17 10:10:59 -0400},
	Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Kwon_Riser.GRL2004.pdf},
	Title = {North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water: A history of ocean-atmosphere interaction 1961--2000},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{marsh-2005,
	Author = {Marsh, R. and Josey, SA and Nurser, AJG and de Cuevas, BA and Coward, AC},
	Date-Added = {2007-06-20 17:09:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-06-20 17:10:12 -0400},
	Journal = {Ocean Science},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Marsh_et_al.OS2005.pdf},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {127--144},
	Title = {Water mass transformation in the North Atlantic over 1985-2002 simulated in an eddy-permitting model},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{marshall-1993b,
	Author = {Marshall, J.C. and Nurser, A.J.G. and Williams, R.G.},
	Date-Added = {2007-06-22 02:42:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-06-22 02:45:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Marshall_et_al.JPO1993.pdf},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1315--1329},
	Publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	Title = {Inferring the Subduction Rate and Period over the North Atlantic},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{marshall-1999c,
	Author = {Marshall, J. and Jamous, D. and Nilsson, J.},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-04 00:41:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-04 00:42:37 -0400},
	Journal = {Deep-Sea Research},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/work/papers/mode_water_formation/biblio/Marshall_et_al.DSR1999.pdf},
	Pages = {545--572},
	Title = {Reconciling thermodynamic and dynamic methods of computation of water-mass transformation rates},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{marshall-2005,
	Author = {Marshall, J.},
	Date-Added = {2007-06-23 15:52:43 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-06-23 15:57:42 -0400},
	Journal = {Clivar Variations},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Marshall.CLIVAR2005.pdf},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {8--14},
	Title = {CLIMODE: a mode water dynamics experiment in support of CLIVAR},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{old-2006,
	Abstract = {A study of the formation and propagation of volume anomalies in North Atlantic Mode Waters is presented, based on 100 yr of monthly mean fields taken from the control run of the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean\&{\#}8211;Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3). Analysis of the temporal and spatial variability in the thickness between pairs of isothermal surfaces bounding the central temperature of the three main North Atlantic subtropical mode waters shows that large-scale variability in formation occurs over time scales ranging from 5 to 20 yr. The largest formation anomalies are associated with a southward shift in the mixed layer isothermal distribution, possibly due to changes in the gyre dynamics and/or changes in the overlying wind field and air\&{\#}8211;sea heat fluxes. The persistence of these anomalies is shown to result from their subduction beneath the winter mixed layer base where they recirculate around the subtropical gyre in the background geostrophic flow. Anomalies in the warmest mode (18{${}^\circ$}C) formed on the western side of the basin persist for up to 5 yr. They are removed by mixing transformation to warmer classes and are returned to the seasonal mixed layer near the Gulf Stream where the stored heat may be released to the atmosphere. Anomalies in the cooler modes (16{${}^\circ$} and 14{${}^\circ$}C) formed on the eastern side of the basin persist for up to 10 yr. There is no clear evidence of significant transformation of these cooler mode anomalies to adjacent classes. It has been proposed that the eastern anomalies are removed through a tropical\&{\#}8211;subtropical water mass exchange mechanism beneath the trade wind belt (south of 20{${}^\circ$}N). The analysis shows that anomalous mode water formation plays a key role in the long-term storage of heat in the model, and that the release of heat associated with these anomalies suggests a predictable climate feedback mechanism. },
	Author = {Old, Chris and Haines, Keith},
	Date-Added = {2007-11-16 11:44:34 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-16 11:44:41 -0500},
	Journal = {Journal of Climate},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Old_Haines.JC2006.pdf},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1126--1148 },
	Title = {North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Waters and Ocean Memory in HadCM3},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI3650.1},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{paiva-2002,
	Author = {Afonso M. Paiva and Eri P. Chassignet},
	Date-Added = {2006-08-02 16:21:46 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2006-08-02 16:25:28 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<2666:NAMOLF>2.0.CO;2},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Keywords = {north atlantic, low-frequency, variability, mode water,EDW},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Paiva_Chassignet.JPO2002.pdf},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {2666-2680},
	Title = {North Atlantic Modeling of Low-Frequency Variability in Mode Water Formation},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{peng-2006,
	Author = {Peng, G. and Chassignet, E.P. and Kwon, Y.O. and Riser, S.C.},
	Date-Added = {2007-11-06 11:44:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-06 11:44:19 -0500},
	Journal = {Ocean Modelling},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Peng_et_al.OCMOD2006.pdf},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {65--85},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {{Investigation of variability of the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water using profiling float data and numerical model output}},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{speer-1992,
	Author = {Kevin G. Speer and Eli Tziperman},
	Date-Added = {2006-08-02 15:31:39 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-06-10 00:04:45 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<0093:ROWMFI>2.0.CO;2},
	Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	Keywords = {EDW, mode water, north atlantic},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Speer_Tziperman.JPO1992.pdf},
	Pages = {93-104},
	Title = {Rates of Water Mass Formation in the North Atlantic Ocean},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{talley-1982,
	Author = {Talley, LD and Raymer, ME},
	Date-Added = {2007-11-01 11:09:27 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-01 11:10:39 -0400},
	Journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Talley_Raymer.JMR1982.pdf},
	Pages = {757--775},
	Title = {{Eighteen degree water variability}},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1982}}

@article{worthington-1959,
	Author = {Worthington, LV},
	Date-Added = {2007-09-23 13:52:20 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-08 09:33:18 -0500},
	Journal = {Deep-Sea Research},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Worthington.DSR1959.pdf},
	Pages = {297--305},
	Title = {The 18 water in the Sargasso Sea},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1959}}

@book{worthington-1976,
	Author = {Worthington, L.V.},
	Date-Added = {2007-11-05 14:51:57 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2007-11-08 09:34:07 -0500},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/gmaze/web/web_scripts/pdf/Worthington.1976.pdf},
	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
	Title = {{On the North Atlantic Circulation}},
	Year = {1976}}

@comment{BibDesk Static Groups{
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		<key>group name</key>
		<string>Annular Modes</string>
		<key>keys</key>
		<string>thompson-2000b,limpasuvan-2000,white-2004b,ring-2007,thompson-2000,meredith-2004,marshall-2003,cash-2002,kuroda-2005,lefebvre-2004,limpasuvan-1999,hall-2002,marshall-2006b,meredith-2006</string>
	</dict>
	<dict>
		<key>group name</key>
		<string>Antarctic Circumpolar Wave</string>
		<key>keys</key>
		<string>white-2004a,white-2000a,white-1996,motoi-1998,white-1999,cai-1999,qiu-1997,haarsma-2000,gloersen-2001,white-1998,venegas-2003,connolley-2002,fischer-2004,white-2002d,white-2002c,cai-2001,white-2002a,white-2006,white-2001,baines-2000,christoph-1998,colin-2001,carril-2001,jacobs-1996,white-2004c,park-2004,peterson-1998</string>
	</dict>
	<dict>
		<key>group name</key>
		<string>Atm response to external forcing</string>
		<key>keys</key>
		<string>czaja-2002,ting-1995,kushnir-2002,shutts-1987,maze-2006b,maze-2007,peng-1999,maze-2007b,miller-1994,peng-1995,kushner-2001,hoerling-2002,ring-2007,lunkeit-1997,peng-1997,ferreira-2005,white-2002c,inatsu-2003,czaja-1999,peng-2001,smagorinsky-1953,hoskins-1981,kushnir-1996,pena-2004,hall-2001a,white-2004a</string>
	</dict>
	<dict>
		<key>group name</key>
		<string>Mode waters</string>
		<key>keys</key>
		<string>walin-1982,marsh-2005,donners-2005,old-2006,dewar-2005,csanady-1975,oconnor-2002,paiva-2002,talley-1982,garret-1995,hazeleger-1999,forget-2008,hanawa-2001,mccartney-1982,speer-1995,tsujino-2004,climode-proposal,marshall-1993b,thomas-2005,speer-1992,worthington-1976,marshall-1988,ladd-2000,marshall-1999c,alexander-1995,marshall-2005,kwon-2004,worthington-1959,joyce-2000,maze-2008a,rainville-2007,marshall-1999,qiu-2007,hazeleger-1998,tziperman-1986,tandon-2001,peng-2006,worthington-1972,ebbesmeyer-1986,cirovecki-2007,qiu-2006</string>
	</dict>
	<dict>
		<key>group name</key>
		<string>Mode waters: Atlantic</string>
		<key>keys</key>
		<string>old-2006,worthington-1959,paiva-2002,talley-1982,peng-2006,marshall-2005,ebbesmeyer-1986,khatiwala-2002,marshall-1993b,kwon-2004,speer-1992,marsh-2005,joyce-2000,donners-2005,climode-proposal,worthington-1976,marshall-1999c,garret-1995</string>
	</dict>
	<dict>
		<key>group name</key>
		<string>Mode waters: Pacific</string>
		<key>keys</key>
		<string>yasuda-2003,ladd-2000,suga-1989,uehara-2003,bingham-2006,qiu-2006,qu-2002,ladd-2001,rainville-2007,bingham-1992,yasuda-1997,suga-1997,fine-1994,qiu-2007,bingham-2002,qinyu-2002,tsujino-2004,oconnor-2002</string>
	</dict>
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