Publications

Gari's ECG Papers on this site are presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.

Bibtex source for these publications can be downloaded from here. Abstracts are linked from the image on the left hand side. Original source papers (where available) are linked from the authors' names. Accompanying source code is linked directly after the latest paper on that subject.

Guidelines for authorship and publication can be found here.

Journal Papers :

2009

Sayadi, O., Shamsollahi M. B., Clifford G. D. : Robust Detection of Premature Ventricular Contractions Using a Wave-Based Bayesian Framework, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Volume 56, Issue 12, Dec. 2009 Page(s): -

Li, Q., Mark, R.G. and Clifford, G.D. Artificial arterial blood pressure artifact models and an evaluation of a robust blood pressure and heart rate estimator BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2009, 8:13 (8 July 2009). doi:10.1186/1475-925X-8-13.

Celi, L.A., Sarmenta, L., Rotberg, J., Marcelo, A., and Clifford, G.D. Mobile Care (Moca) for Remote Diagnosis and Screening. Journal Health Informatics in Developing Countries June 2009, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 17-21 http://www.jhidc.org/index.php/jhidc/issue/view/6

Clifford, G.D., Long, W.J., Moody, G.B., Szolovits, P., Robust parameter extraction for decision support using multimodal intensive care data, Proc. Royal Soc. Phil. Trans. A, January 28, 2009, Vol. 367, No. 1887, pp 411-429 / doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0157

2008

Ishna Neamatullah, Margaret M Douglass, Li-wei H Lehman, Andrew Reisner, Mauricio Villarroel, William J Long, Peter Szolovits, George B Moody, Roger G Mark and Gari D Clifford Automated De-Identification of Free-Text Medical Records BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008, 8:32 (24 July 2008).

Gari D Clifford, Joaquin A Blaya, Rachel Hall-Clifford, Hamish SF Fraser Medical information systems: A foundation for healthcare technologies in developing countries BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2008, 7:18 (11 June 2008) .

Aboukhalil, A., Nielsen, L., Saeed, M., Mark, R.G., Clifford, G.D., Reducing False Alarm Rates for Critical Arrhythmias using the Arterial Blood Pressure Waveform Journal of Biomedical Informatics Special Issue on Computerized Decision Support for Critical and Emergency Care, Volume 41, Issue 3, June 2008, pp 442-451, doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.03.003 Avaialble online March 21st 2008.

Wolfberg, A. J., DeRosier, D. J., Roberts, T., Syed, Z., Clifford, G.D., Acker, D., du Plessis, A., A comparison of subjective and mathematical estimations of fetal heart rate variability, Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, (2008) 21(2):101-104.

Li, Q., Mark, R.G. and Clifford, G.D. Robust heart rate estimation from multiple asynchronous noisy sources using signal quality indices and a Kalman filter, IOP Physiol. Meas. 29 (2008) 15-32.

Selected by the Institute of Physics for inclusion in IOP select, for free access - (full paper, abstract).
IOP select is a special collection of journal articles, chosen by IOP Editors based on one or more of the following criteria: 1) Substantial advances or significant breakthroughs, 2) A high degree of novelty or, 3) Significant impact on future research.

2007

Sameni R., Shamsollahi M. B., Jutten C., Clifford G. D. : A Nonlinear Bayesian Filtering Framework for ECG Denoising, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Volume 54, Issue 12, Dec. 2007 Page(s):2172 - 2185

Sameni R., Clifford G. D., Jutten C., Shamsollahi M. B., Multi-Channel ECG and Noise Modeling: Application to Maternal and Fetal ECG Signals, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2007, Article ID 43407, 14 pages, 2007. doi:10.1155/2007/43407 (Special Issue on "Advances in Electrocardiogram Signal Processing and Analysis".)

Lian, J., Clifford, G.D., Muessig, D. and Lang, V., : Open source model for generating RR intervals in atrial fibrillation and beyond, BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007, 6:9, doi:10.1186/1475-925X-6-9

2006

Clifford G. D. : A Novel Framework for Signal Representation and Source Separation: Applications to Filtering and Segmentation of Biosignals, Journal of Biological Systems, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 169-183 (June 2006).

He T., Clifford G., Tarassenko, L.: Application of independent component analysis in removing artefacts from the electrocardiogram, Neural Comput. & Applic. (2006) 15(2): 105-116.

2005

GD Clifford, A Shoeb, PE McSharry, BA Janz: Model-based filtering, compression and classification of the ECG, International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 158-161, 2005.

Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L.: Quantifying errors in spectral estimates of HRV due to beat replacement and resampling, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, April 2005, Vol. 52, No. 4. pp. 630-638.

2004

Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L.: Segmenting cardiac-related data using sleep stages increases separation between normal subjects and apnoeic patients, IOP Physiol. Meas. 25 (2004) N27-N35.

Chan-Hyun Youn, Byungsang Kim, Dong Su Nam, Bong Hwan Lee, Eun Bo Shim, Gari Clifford, Jennifer Healey,: Resource Reconfiguration Scheme Based on Temporal Quorum Status Estimation in Computational Grids, ICOIN 2004: 699-707, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) 2004 (SCI-E).

2003

McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L., Smith L.: A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 50(3), 289-294, March 2003.

2001

Clifford, G., Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N.: One-pass training of optimal architecture auto-associative neural network for detecting ectopic beats, Electronic Letters, Vol.37, No.18, pp 1126-1127, Aug. 2001.

Book(s) / Book Chapters :

Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

Reisner A., Clifford G.D. and Mark, R.G. The Physiological Basis of the Electrocardiogram Ch1 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

Clifford G.D. and Oefinger M.B. ECG acquisition, storage, transmission and representation. Ch2 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

Clifford G.D. ECG statistics, noise, artefacts and missing data. Ch3 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

McSharry P.E. and Clifford G.D. Models for ECG and RR interval processes. Ch4 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

Clifford G.D. Linear Filtering Methods. Ch5 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

McSharry P.E. and Clifford G.D. Nonlinear filtering techniques. Ch6 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

Conference Proceedings :

2008

Clifford, G. D. and Sameni, R., An Artificial Multi-Channel Model for Generating Abnormal Electrocardiographic Rhythms, Computers in Cardiology, 35:773-776; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2008.

Khaustov, A. and Nemati, S. and Clifford, G. D., An Open-Source Standard T-Wave Alternans Detector for Benchmarking, Computers in Cardiology, 35:509-512; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2008.

Li, Q. and Clifford, G.D. Suppression of false arrhythmia alarms from ICU monitors using heart rate based on combined arterial blood pressure and ECG analysis. The 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics (ICBBE) 2008, May 16-18, Shanghai, China; 2185-2187.

2007

Wolfberg, A. J., Syed, Z., Clifford, G.D., Tin, A., Guttag, J., du Plessis, A.J. Entropy of fetal EKG associated with intrapartum fever. New England Conference on Perinatal Research. Chatham, MA. October 2007.

Villarroel, M. and Saeed, A. and Clifford, G. D. and Moody G. B. and Mark, R. G. Finding Relevant Cases in Large Databases of Signals, Time Series, and Clinical Data, Computers in Cardiology, 34:265-268; IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2007.

Lehman, L-W. and Kyaw, T.H. and Clifford, G. D. and Mark, R.G A Temporal Search Engine for a Massive Multi-Parameter Clinical Information Database, Computers in Cardiology, 34:637-640; IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2007.

Hug, C. and Clifford, G. D., An Analysis of the Errors in Recorded Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in the ICU Using a Complex Set of Signal Quality Metrics, Computers in Cardiology, 34:641-645; IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2007.

2006

Clifford G.D., M Villarroel: Model-Based Determination of QT Intervals, Computers in Cardiology, 33:357-360 (K53); IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2006.

Clifford G.D., Aboukhalil, A., Zong, W. Sun, J.X., Janz, B. A., Moody, G. B. and Mark R.G.: Using the Blood Pressure Waveform to Reduce Critical False ECG Alarms, Computers in Cardiology, 33:829-832 (PA5); IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2006.

2005

Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: Method to Filter ECGs and Evaluate Clinical Parameter Distortion Using Realistic ECG Model Parameter Fitting, Computers in Cardiology, 32:735 - 738; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

Clifford G.D., L Zapanta, BA Janz, J Mietus, RG Mark: Segmentation of 24-Hour Cardiovascular Activity Using ECG-Based Sleep/Sedation and Noise Metrics, Computers in Cardiology, 32: 595 - 598; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: A Statistical Model of the Sleep-Wake Dynamics of the Cardiac Rhythm, Computers in Cardiology, 32: .591 - 594 ; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

Janz B.A., Clifford G.D., Mark R.G.: Multivariable Analysis of Sedation, Activity and Agitation in Critically Ill Patients Using the Riker Scale, ECG, Blood Pressure and Respiratory Rate, Computers in Cardiology, 32: 735 - 738; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

Douglass MM , Clifford GD, Reisner A, Long WJ , Moody GB, Mark RG: De-Identification Algorithm for Free-Text Nursing Notes, Computers in Cardiology, 32:331-334; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

Janz BA, Frassica J, Baker C, Clifford GD, Mark RG . A New Paradigm for Managing Information in the ICU in Response to the 80 hour Work Week. New England Surgical Society, Volume LXXXVI, 118-119, 2005.

Janz BA, Saeed M, Clifford GD, Mark RG . The Development and Optimization of a Critical Care Alert and Display (CCAD) System using a Massive Temporal Research ICU Patient Database. AMIA. 10-2005.

Janz BA, Saeed M, Clifford GD, Mark RG,. et al. MIMIC II: A Massive Temporal Database to Support Research in Integrating Data, Models, and Reasoning in Critical Care; The Biomedical Research Partnership for the Integration of Data, Models, and Reasoning in Critical Care. AMIA. 10-2005. In-print.

Clifford GD, Shoeb A, McSharry PE, Janz BA: Model-based filtering, compression and classification of the ECG, Iinvited paper for the Joint Meeting of 5th International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism and 5th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging within the Human Brain and Heart (BEM&NFSI), Minnesota, May 2005.

2004

McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: Open-source software for generating electrocardiogram signal IASTED International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 16-18 February, Innsbruck, Austria Proceedings of Biomed 2005, IASTED, ACTA Press
Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: Generating 24-Hour ECG, BP and Respiratory Signals with Realistic Linear and Nonlinear Clinical Characteristics Using a Nonlinear Model, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 709-712; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.
A Java applet to demonstrate the model in action can be found here. Matlab and C versions are available from PhysioNet.
OT Abdala, G Clifford, M Saeed, A Reisner, GB Moody, I Henry, RG Mark: The Annotation Station: An Open-Source Technology for Annotating Large Biomedical Databases, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 681-684; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.
J Shu, GD Clifford, M Saeed, WJ Long, GB Moody, P Szolovits, RG Mark An Open-Source, Interactive Java-Based System for Rapid Encoding of Significant Events in the ICU Using the Unified Medical Language System, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 197-200; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004..
M Douglass, GD Clifford, A Reisner, GB Moody, RG Mark Computer-Assisted Deidentification of Free Text in the MIMIC II Database, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 341-344; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.
J Healey, GD Clifford, L Kontothanassis, PE McSharry An Open-Source Method for Simulating Atrial Fibrillation Using ECGSYN , Computers in Cardiology, 31:425-427; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.
H Wang, F Azuaje, G Clifford, B Jung, N Black Methods and Tools for Generating and Managing ecgML-Based Information, Computers in Cardiology, 31:573-576; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.
McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: Open-source software for generating electrocardiogram signals ARXIV preprints 0406017 June 2004.
A Java applet to demonstrate the model in action can be found here. Matlab and C versions are available from PhysioNet.
Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: A Nonlinear Artificial Model For Generating Realistic Correlated ECG, BP And Respiration, Biosignal 2004, the 17th international EURASIP conference, Brno, Czech Republic June 23-25 2004 pp 358-360.
Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: A realistic coupled nonlinear artificial ECG, BP, and respiratory signal generator for assessing noise performance of biomedical signal processing algorithms, Proc of SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise, 5467-34, pp290-301, May 2004.
McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: A comparison of nonlinear noise reduction and independent component analysis using a realistic dynamical model of the electrocardiogram, Proc. of SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise, Paper no. 5467-09, pp78-88, May 2004.
Chan-Hyun Youn, Dong Su Nam, Byungsand Kim,Eung-Suk An, Bong Hwan Lee, Eun Bo Shim, and Gari Clifford: QoS Quorum-Constrained Resource Management in Wireless Grid, Network and Parallel Computing, (NPC 2004) pp65-72, IFIP International Conference, Wuhan, China, October 18-20, 2004, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3222 Springer 2004.
Dong Su Nam, Chan-Hyun Youn, Bong Hwan Lee, Gari Clifford and Jennifer Healey: QoS-Constrained Resource Allocation for a Grid-Based Multiple Source Electrocardiogram Application, Information Systems and Information Technologies (ISIT) Workshop, (Grid Session) April 2004 & LNCS Vol 3043 pp352-359.
2002

Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E., Tarassenko L.: Characterizing Artefact in the Normal Human 24-Hour RR Time Series to Aid Identification and Artificial Replication of Circadian Variations in Human Beat to Beat Heart Rate Using a Simple Threshold, Computers in Cardiology, 29:129-132; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2002.
McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L., Smith L.: Method for generating an artificial RR tachogram of a typical healthy human over 24-hours, Computers in Cardiology, 29:225-228, IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2002.
Modified Matlab and C versions of this code are available here and are available on PhysioNet.
2001

Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N., Clifford, G., Burton J., Price, J., Cove S., Braithwaite E.: Multi-parameter monitoring for early warning of patient deterioration , IEE Conference on Medical Applications of Signal Processing October 2002.
Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N., Clifford, G., Mason, L., Burton J., Price, J.: Neural Networks and Data Fusion for the Next Generation of Patient Monitors, Neural Computing Applications Forum (NCAF), Oxford, July 2001.
Clifford, G.: Removal of abnormal beats from the ECG for accurate HRV analysis, Invited Paper for IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology UK Student Society, Oxford, May 2001.
Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N., Clifford, G., Mason, L., Burton J., Price, J.: Medical Signal Processing Using The Software Monitor, DERA/IEE Workshop Intelligent Sensor Processing (Ref.No.01/050). IEE, London, UK; 2001; 140 pp. p.3/1-4.
2000 and earlier

Clifford, G., Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N.: Fusing Conventional ECG QRS Detection Algorithms with an Auto-associative Neural Network for the Detection of Ectopic Beats, Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Signal Processing, 16th IFIP WorldComputer Congress, Beijing, Vol.III, 1623-1628, 2000.
Book Reviews :

Clifford G.D.: Book Review of ``Biomedical Informatics; Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine'' by Edward H. Shortliffe and James J. Cimino, BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2006, 5:61 (21 November 2006)

Clifford G.D.: Book Review, of ``Bioelectrical Signal Processing in Cardiac and Neurological Applications'' by Lief So}rnmo and Pablo Laguna"", Annals of Biomedical Engineering (2006) 34(1): p184.
Theses :

Clifford G.D.: Signal Processing Methods For Heart Rate Variability, DPhil. Thesis, Oxford University, Michaelmas 2002.

Clifford, G.D., Statistical Conformal Field Theory and Information Loss in the Renormalisation Group, Masters Thesis, Southampton University Libraries, 1995.

Clifford G.D.: A Novel Method for Imagining DNA Using Surface Plasmon Polaritons, Undergraduate Thesis, Exeter University, 1992.