athena% tellme combo
Other things
tellme
supports are tellme root
, for the root
password, and tellme why
.
To run a program, simply type the name of the program. For example,
athena% pine
To run a program in the background, type the name of the program
followed by &
. For example, athena%
mozilla &
Running a program in the background allows you to continue to use your
prompt after the program launches. If you do not use the
&
, then you cannot type any more commands until you close
the program you launched.
If you are running a text based program that uses the entire terminal
window, such as mailmaint
, pine
, or
owl
, or asks for user input, such as less
,
however, you should not use &
.
athena% cd directoryname
To list the contents of a directory (including its
subdirectories), you can use
the ls
command:
athena% cd 6.034-psets
athena% ls
ps0 ps1 ps2 ps3 ps4 ps5
Keep in mind that you can move as far down the directory structure as
you want with one cd
("change directory") command. For
example, if you wanted to access a directory called "ps0" in your
6.034-psets directory, you can type
athena% cd 6.034-psets/ps0
from your home directory. If you now wanted to go back to your 6.034-psets
directory, you can type
athena% cd ..
to move up one level in the directory structure. You can also type
cd
to return to your home directory.
To make a new directory in the current directory, use mkdir
directoryname
.
athena% emacs stupid[TAB]
When you hit tab at the end, if you have no other files whose names begin with
"stupid", the shell will complete it:
athena% emacs stupidlylongfilename
If there are two or more valid completions, the shell will list them for
you.
athena% mv old/path/to/file new/path
For example, if you wanted to move a file named "foo" from your Public
directory to your current directory, you can type
athena% mv Public/foo .
(The dot at the end is notation for the current directory.)
To rename a file, just give the new name, e.g.:
athena% mv foo bar
To copy a file, type cp
instead of mv
.
delete
command.
athena% delete filename
This will mark that file for deletion and make it a hidden file. To
delete a directory and its contents, use delete -r
. You
should be aware that the system will automatically remove marked files
periodically. You can list the files that have been marked by using the
command lsdel
. To recover a marked file, you can
undelete
it.
athena% undelete filename
If you're familiar with Unix, you may know about the rm
command, which also works, but doesn't let you use
undelete
.
delete
, then you should first try
undelete
. If your file can't be undeleted, you may still
have a backup. Athena makes a nightly backup copy of your entire home
directory , so if you accidentally remove a file, you still have some
time to recover it. The copy, as of 3AM, is kept in "OldFiles" in your
home directory. You can recover your file by copying it back.
If OldFiles has already been updated, you have one last hope: the AFS administrators have tape backups that they should be able to retrieve for you. Contact olc@mit.edu with the full pathname of the file and the approximate dates that it existed, and they'll get in touch with the AFS administrators.