Grammar Notes 18B

Grammar Notes $BBh(B 1 $B(B 8 $B2](B B $B(B

$B(BI$B!%(BX$B$H$$$&(BY$B(B "Y called X; Y named X"
[Asking for explanation/definition]
$B(BI$B(BI$B!%(BQ$B(Bu$B(Bo$B(Bt$B(Ba$B(Bt$B(Bi$B(Bo$B(Bn$B$H8@$&(B
$B(BI$B(BI$B(BI$B!%(BE$B(Bm$B(Bb$B(Be$B(Bd$B(Bd$B(Be$B(Bd$B!!(BW$B(BH$B!](BQ$B(Bu$B(Be$B(Bs$B(Bt$B(Bi$B(Bo$B(Bn$B(Bs$B(B

$B(BI$B!%(BX$B$H$$$&(BY$B(B "Y called X; Y named X"

Notes:: 1.The humble version is X$B$H?=$9(BY, and the honorific version is; X$B$H$*$C$7$c$k(BY.; 2.X$B$C$F$$$&(BY is used in casual speech.; 3.$B2?$H$$$&(BY (Y named what?) is used to find out the identification
of a thing.

$B$l$$(B: A:$B$3$l$O!"2?$H$$$&$*$5$1$G$9$+!#(B What is this alcohol called?; B:$B%F%-!<%i$H$$$&$*$5$1$G$9!#(B It is called Tequila.

$B$l$s$7$e$&(B

1.$B$3$N6a=j$K(B(a building named "MARUBIRU")$B$O$"$j$^$;$s$+!#(B

2.$B$b$&@n$P$?$N(B(a book entitled "Yukiguni")$B$rFI$_$^$7$?$+!#(B

3.$B#M#I#T$G(B(a teacher named "Ikeda-sensei")$B$K65$($F$$$?$@$-$^$7$?!#(B

4.$B$3$NIt$K$O!"(B(a person called "Nomura")$B$O$*$j$^$;$s!#(B

5.$B$*Ic$5$s$O!"(B(which company (lit.company named what))$B$G;E;v$r$7$F$$$^$9$+!#(B

Asking for explanation/definition

{$B#X$H$$$&$N$O(B/$B#X$C$F(B($B$$$&$N$O(B)}$B2?$G$9$+!#(B "what does X mean?"
{$B#X$H$$$&$N$O(B/$B#X$C$F(B($B$$$&$N$O(B)}$B$I$&$$$&0UL#$G$9$+!#(B "what do you mean by X?"

$B$l$$(B A:$B@58a$H$$$&$N$O!"$I$&$$$&0UL#$G$9$+!#(B What does "shoogo" mean?
B:$B@58a$H$$$&$N$O!"$A$g$&$I$*Ck$N#1#2;~$@$H$$$&0UL#$G$9$h!#(B
"Shoogo" means "exactly 12 o'clock at noon".

$B$l$s$7$e$&(B--Explain the following words in Japanese.

1. $BOB?)!)(B

2. $B#I#A#P!)(B

3. $BIB(B($B$d$^$$(B)$B$O5$(B($B$-(B)$B$+$i!)!!(B

$B(BI$B(BI$B!%(BQ$B(Bu$B(Bo$B(Bt$B(Ba$B(Bt$B(Bi$B(Bo$B(Bn$B$H8@$&(B

Compare: [Direct Quotation]
$B;3ED$5$s$O!";d$K!V;d$OL@F|Mh$^$;$s$h!#!W$H8@$$$^$7$?!#(B
[Indirect Quotation]
$B;3ED$5$s$O!";d$K(B {$B:#F|(B/$BL@F|(B}{$B9T$+$J$$(B/$BMh$J$$(B}$B$H8@$$$^$7$?!#(B

Rules:: 1. The topic in the quotation that is the same as the person who says it; is deleted.; 2. Direct form comes before the quotation marker $B$H(B.; 3. Tense of the quotation remains unchanged.; 4. Time and location words are changed relative to the time and location
of the quotation.; 5. Quotation marker: a. declelative sentence + $B$H(B($B8@$&(B); b. question + $B$+(B($B$H(B)($BJ9$/(B); 6. Direct quotation marks are: $B!VCN$C$F$$$^$9$+!#!W(B

Notes:: 1. The humble version is S$B$H?=$9(B, and the honorific version is; S$B$H$*$C$7$c$k(B.; 2. S$B$C$F$$$&(B is used in casual speech.; 3. S$B$C$F(B is used for hearsay; "I heard...; they say that...; it is; said that..., etc."; 4. Other verbs which take the quotation marker$B$H(B.; a.$B!D$H;W$&(B $B$3$NE9$O%5!<%S%9$,$=$l$[$I$h$/$J$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B; I think that the services in this store are not so good.; b.$B!D$H=q$/(B $B;f$K!V#3;~$4$m$b$I$j$^$9!#!W$C$F=q$$$F$"$j$^$9!#(B; It is written on the paper "I'll come back around 3:00".; c.$B!D$HJ9$/(B $B%8%g%s(B{$B$K(B/$B$+$i(B}$B:#HU$*$b$7$m$$%Q!<%F%#!<$,$"$k$HJ9$-$^$7$?!#(B; I heard from John that there will be a fun party tonight.; d.$B!D$H$&$+$,$&(B $B;d$O@h@8(B{$B$K(B/$B$+$i(B}$BL@F|$8$e$.$g$&$O$J$$$H$&$+$,$$$^$7$?!#(B; I heard from my teacher that there will be no class tomorrow.; cf. $B;d$O@h@8$KL@F|$8$e$.$g$&$O$J$$$+$&$+$,$$$^$7$?!#(B; I asked my teacher if there will be no class tomorrow.; e.$B!D$H65$($k(B $B;R$I$b$K!V$K$s$8$c%?!<%H%k!W$O$o$k$$HV$0$_$@$H65$($^$7$?!#(B; I taught my children that "Ninja Turtle" is a bad program.

$B$l$s$7$e$&(B--Paraphrase the following sentences in indirect quotations.

1. $B%V%k!<%9$O;d$K!V$\$/!"%Z%.!<$H$1$C$3$s$7$^$9$h!#!W$H8@$$$^$7$?!#(B

2. $B%Y!<%j!<$5$s$O!V;d$O%"%a%j%+$K5"$j$?$/$"$j$^$;$s!#!W$H8@$C$F$$$^$9!#(B

3. $B$-$N$&M'$@$A$,;d$K!VL@F|$R$^$G$9$+!#!W$HJ9$-$^$7$?!#(B

4. $BItD9$O;d$K!V$=$N2q$.$K$\$/$,=P$F$"$2$k$h!#!W$C$F$*$C$7$c$$$^$7$?!#(B

5. $BBgED$5$s$K!V%o%$%s$bGc$C$FMh$^$7$?$+!#!W$C$FJ9$$$F2<$5$$!#(B

$B(BI$B(BI$B(BI$B!%(BE$B(Bm$B(Bb$B(Be$B(Bd$B(Bd$B(Be$B(Bd$B!!(BW$B(BH$B!](BQ$B(Bu$B(Be$B(Bs$B(Bt$B(Bi$B(Bo$B(Bn$B(Bs$B(B

Formation: {$B#Q(B(Direct-form except $B$@(B)$B!\$+(B} $BJ,$+$j$^$;$s(B/$BCN$j$^$;$s(B/$B3P$($F$$$^$;$s(B $BK:$l$^$7$?(B/$B7h$a$F$$$^$;$s(B/$BD4$Y$^$9(B etc.

$B$l$$(B: 1.$B$@$l$,$3$N%W%l%<%s%H$r$/$l$^$7$?$+(B+$BJ,$+$j$^$;$s(B; $B"*$@$l$,$3$N%W%l%<%s%H$r$/$l$?$+J,$+$j$^$;$s!#(B; I don't know who gave me this present.; 2.$B%\%S!; $B"*%\%S!; Nobody knows where Bobby Fisher has gone.