Studies that withhold replication data are more likely to have errors 

 We already knew that scholars who provide replication data  get cited more .  Now we know that they are also more likely to be right!  Paper by Wicherts, Bakker, and Molenaar  here .  Blog post by Gelman  here . 

 The authors asked for replication data to 49 psychology studies.  Amazingly, many of them did not comply  even though they were explicitly under contract with the journals to provide the data.  

 1) Papers whose authors withheld data had more reporting errors, meaning that the reported p-value was different than the correct p-value as calculated from the coefficient and standard error (as reported in the paper).  I'd really like to think that these were all just innocent typos but: in seven papers, these typos reversed findings.   None  of those seven authors shared their data. 

 2) Papers whose authors withheld data tended to have larger p-values, meaning that their results were not as "strong" in some sense.  This interpretation tortures the idea of the p-value a little bit, but it certainly represents how many researchers think about p-values.  It's striking that researchers who think their results are "weaker" were less likely to provide data.  It also suggests that researchers who are getting a range of p-values from different, plausible models tend to pick the p-value just below 0.05 rather than the one just above.  But then, we already  knew that . 

 This is frightening, not least because most of these were  lab experiments , where we tend to think that the results are less sensitive to analyst manipulation because of strong design.  Also, these are only the problems that were obvious  without  access to the replication data.   

 Most responses to this study include appeals for better data sharing standards, but I don't think it's necessary.  As long as we know which authors provide replication data and which don't, we can all update accordingly.